6. The Wizard of Oz (1939)

Because I know you all want to hear a story about my circumcision…

I’m too young to remember it so I have had to rely on the accounts of people who were there to authenticate this story. When I was a baby, lying down on a table, the doctor performing the procedure clumsily dropped his hemostats which came centimeters away from gouging out my eye. This was in the days before lawsuits and settlement offers, so the doctor simply finished the procedure, apologized profusely and sent me on my way. The result was a tiny but deep scar under my right eye: I love that scar because it is from my childhood and is a part of me. “The Wizard of Oz” is America’s foreskin-cutting-tool-inflicted-under-eye-scar. Now, for me to say that people only like this movie for sentimental reasons would be grossly unfair to such a well crafted film, However, there was definitely a “style over substance” approach taken with this movie and why the hell not? It was clearly meant to be a kid’s movie anyway, so any major depth would have been lost on the initially intended audience.

The opening credits roll over a dreamlike clouded background, both foreshadowing the events of the film (a storm and a dream sequence) as well as further invoking the concept of a child’s boundless imagination. The sepia tint of the film perfectly captures the dreary, colorless Kansas farm where the story is set, especially combined with sets that depict a horizon of nothingness. Rural life is depicted as especially unappealing to the chief character Dorothy (Judy Garland). She is ignored by her adoptive Aunt Em and Uncle Henry, constantly harassed and threatened by her cranky, spinster neighbor Ms. Gulch and her closest peers are the hired hands on the farm and her dog Toto.

As Dorothy daydreams about leaving her home while singing “Over the Rainbow” (this is where the grim realization sinks in that we are dealing with a musical) the wind begins to kick up and her song is interrupted by ominous music as Ms. Gulch approaches on her bike in an attempt to take and kill Toto, prompting Dorothy to eventually run away from home to keep him safe. Upon watching this scene, it is impossible to ignore the fact that this sequence was stolen, almost verbatim, to create one of my favorite scenes “Star Wars” where Luke, also an orphan living with his aunt and uncle on a farm in a desolate place, yearns for a more exciting life elsewhere while music expresses his sadness.

Not long into her journey, Dorothy encounters a kind-hearted trickster who calls himself Professor Marvel who performs a phony fortune telling for her, convincing her to return home. All the dark imagery leading up to this point (the cloudy, almost murky sky, the dark, gloomy music the wind blowing the cloth on Marvel’s covered wagon) finally culminates in the big dramatic tornado which in many ways serves as more than just an event in the film, but also a plot device and an antagonist. As Em. Henry and the farmhands scurry for the storm shelter, but Dorothy just misses them and is forced to seek refuge in the storm-battered house. The bridge between 1939 and the silent era 10 years prior is very evident as many of the older actors really enhance the believability of this otherwise cheesy scene with their physical acting.

Dorothy is hit on the head with a pane of glass and knocked unconscious, setting up what would one day become one of the most convenient plot tricks in cinema- the dream sequence. Of course it was less obvious at the time, but this is the point where the plot is allowed to get as outrageous as possible because it is occurring in a fantasy world. The images that swirl around outside the window of the house as it is lifted by the storm and hurled across the sky indicate that Dorothy’s real life and fantasy life are going to have many parallels, the most obvious being Ms. Gulch and her weird bicycle transforming into a witch riding a broom.

If “The Wizard of Oz” had achieved nothing else in terms of revolutionizing the film industry, the scene where Dorothy emerges from the farmhouse to the Land of Oz and the scenery transitions from the drab sepia tone to full blown color. Now, the amazing part here is not the use of color, as this was by no means a new technology, but the integration of the two as well as the contrast. The scope of colors and the boldness the green in the grass, the blue in the water and the yellow of the road make the film almost appear 3-dimensional. The importance of the colors is stressed in much of the dialogue at this point- Dorothy learns about the ruby slippers owned by the wicked witch her falling house accidentally kills, the Emerald City where the Wizard of Oz lives and the yellow brick road leading to it.

In a short amount of time the framework for the remainder of the film is set. Glinda the Good Witch explains to Dorothy that she is a hero among the residents of Oz for killing the Wicked Witch of the East- however it doesn’t win her any favor with her sister, the Wicked Witch of the West (Margaret Hamilton- in the other half of her dual role as Ms. Gulch and the Witch). There is a very rushed feeling to this middle section, introducing Dorothy’s travel companions the Scarecrow, The Tin Man and the Cowardly Lion (all played by the respective farmhands they represent) are brought into the fold in rapid succession, like literally seconds in some cases.

“A heart is not judged by how much you love, but by how much you are loved by others” (The Wizard of Oz, “The Wizard of Oz”)

Silly little songs like “We’re Off to See The Wizard,” “Courage” and “If I Were King of the Forest” are used to endear the flawed characters to the audience in lieu of character development, as is the case for musicals in general. To the film’s credit though, it does manage to remain visually stimulating throughout the extended song-and-dance numbers and at one point when the Wicked Witch dispatches her flying monkeys to attack Dorothy, manages to be legitimately intimidating. Midgets are used to great effect to play the Munchkins in the early Oz scenes, but when dressed as flying monkeys they are downright frightening. I can’t imagine watching this as a child and not getting scared.

Despite the Witch gaining the upper hand on Dorothy and her sidekicks, good ultimately prevails over evil when Dorothy kills her by throwing a bucket of water on her. The Wizard, who it turns out is no wizard at all, just a conjurer of cheap tricks (just like Professor Marvel) explains to Dorothy and her friends that the things they want most (a brain for the Scarecrow, a heart for the Tin Man, courage for the Lion and the ability to go home for Dorothy) have all been within reach the whole time. Dorothy wakes up back home in Kansas with all her loved ones holding a bedside vigil and she recognizes all the farmhands as the characters they were in Oz, doubtless to take the sting off the sad goodbye they all have prior to Dorothy’s awakening.

Though it is never mentioned, I have to assume Ms. Gulch is killed in the tornado, since she died in Oz and one of the last things we see is her being swept up in the twister (in Dorothy’s hallucination but nonetheless she was obviously out riding her bike when the storm hit). Also, it would just be a major hole in the storyline if she was alive since she would probably just come and take Toto away again. However, I’m not sure what the moral or lesson would be other than maybe bad people get what is coming to them, though this fate seems a bit extreme, though the Munchkins do sing a song celebrating someone’s death so apparently the value of human life is lesser in Oz- which REALLY reinforces the theme that it is a parallel of Kansas. Also, I sense perhaps there is a bit of Biblical symbolism implied as well but I can’t really finger any other than perhaps following the yellow brick road being a metaphor for a path of righteousness. However, since the yellow brick road leads to a false prophet that may not be the case after all.

People adore this film because of the fact that it represents youth, fantasy and escapism. I freely admit I am probably the only person who didn’t watch it is a child, but I acknowledge that everyone else did and that this movie is an important part of their childhoods. I do not personally enjoy the movie but I also do not fault it or take anything away from it in terms of artistry and legacy. As I said earlier, this is by no means the first color picture, the first musical or the first literary adaptation to a movie. But in some odd way I actually think these facts help this movie’s legacy more than hurt it. It’s easy to be the first feature length animated movie (“Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs”) or the first X-Rated Best Picture Winner (“Midnight Cowboy”) and make this list- it is another to take already existing elements of movie-making and still be able to stand out.

7. The Graduate (1967)

Even though I am not “ashamed” of it per-se, I still keep my collection of porno movies tucked away, I think primarily because keeping it out in the open is generally recognized as a lack of basic social graces. By making “The Graduate” into a mainstream motion picture, director Mike Nichols figuratively left his copy of “O Come on Ye Faces” out on the coffee table for everyone to see.

I’m not likening “The Graduate” to an adult movie because it is frank in its portrayal of sex, it’s definitely no more objectionable than “Midnight Cowboy” or “A Clockwork Orange,” but because it is the kind of movie that makes you feel gross and uncomfortable for watching. The motion camera shots and point-of-view perspectives that are intended to make you feel closer to the action does nothing to help with the creepy, voyeuristic feeling either. In fact if you take out the obvious factor “The Graduate” has every other stereotypical element of skin-flicks: bad acting, bad dialogue, worse music and they jump right into the sexing.

Benjamin Braddock (Dustin Hoffman) is a total emo kid. He always wants to be by himself, is distant to his parents and has been given everything from a college education to an Italian sports car but still feels like life dealt him a shitty hand. At his graduation party he rudely snubs old neighbors and family friends because he is so wrapped up in his fear of the future. There is a real opportunity here to make Ben the perfect example of how money does not buy happiness or emotional stability, but the way his parents beam about him and the way he looks down on the other shallow, “plastic” people in his life just make him seem faux-angsty.

The shooting style of this film bends over backwards to convey to notion that Ben feels alone: he is frequently shown in close-ups in crowded places that deceive the viewer into thinking he is by himself, his bedroom where he likes to hole himself up is claustrophobic and drab and in the opening credits the only person we see is Ben accompanied by the strains of Simon & Garfunkel’s “The Sound of Silence.” Oooh, deep!

When Ben is approached by an overly aggressive family friend, Mrs. Robinson (Anne Bancroft) at his party for a ride home it becomes evident that Ben is a total train-wreck socially. His dialogue and physical mannerisms in her presence are clumsy and awkward and, even though it is obvious, he vocalizes his suspicion that she is attempting to get him into bed, which, without requiring any further background information, clearly indicates that Ben’s interaction with women is extremely limited. Eventually Mrs. Robinson corners Ben in her empty house leading to a rapid succession of quick cuts of different parts of her naked body. Though the nudity is literally “blink-and-you-miss-it” I still feel like they might as well have gone full-on with it instead pretending that only showing a split-second of a bare nipple is somehow more artistic or high-brow than focusing on it.

“Oh no, Mrs. Robinson. I think, I think you're the most attractive of all my parents' friends. I mean that.” (Benjamin Braddock “The Graduate”)

For all the bad things I can say about the character of Ben Braddock however, I will also say in his defense that the adults around him are total freak-shows. Even though his parents dote over him, there is one scene where Ben tries to convey his insecurities to his father and is met with an exasperated sigh and his father asking “What is it?” as if it is inconvenient to have to bond with his son on any kind of significant plane. Also, when Mr. Robinson arrives home early and thwarts his wife’s attempt to bang Ben, he proceeds to lecture the nervous 20 year old on how he needs to sow his oats and have a fling, then more or less offers up his own daughter Elaine (Katharine Ross).

At Ben’s 21st birthday party, we see another example of his parents showing him off to their friends (which also gives the impression that Ben probably doesn’t have too many friends of his own) as they force Ben into a ridiculous scuba diving display in their pool which actually feels more like an excuse to show off the fact that they bought him a scuba suit. The party is then shown from Ben’s perspective, including the lens being framed to resemble the lens of a diving mask and the only audible sound is Ben’s amplified breathing. As he hesitantly submerges himself in the pool, his parents are shown encouraging him, even pushing him (literally and figuratively) into the water, despite his obvious trepidation. This is all very clearly meant to continue beating the claustrophobia motif into our brains, as well as illustrate his parents’ apparent indifference to his isolation. It is all meant to be very symbolic but it really just feels like a “Creature from the Black Lagoon” outtake.

Perhaps finally driven to a breaking point by his parents, or just looking to make extreme changes in his life, Ben decides after his birthday debacle to take Mrs. Robinson up on her offer. Ben’s naivety is evident as Mrs. Robinson has to essentially coach him through every step in the process from booking a hotel room to the actual act itself. As much as I generally didn’t enjoy this filmgoing experience, I do have to give credit to the director and actors for making this scene so clumsy and uncomfortable that you actually feel like you are a part of it. I hope it was intentional.

Once Ben has closed the deal with Mrs. Robinson, he begins to undergo some radical, almost unrealistically radical, changes. He is much less tense, more apt to talking back to his parents and even becomes kind of a hipster. So essentially he goes from being an unlikeable whiner to an unlikeable arrogant prick carrying around an undeserved sense of accomplishment. Of course, the latter is only a front because, as his later scenes with Mrs. Robinson illustrate, he is just an emotionally confused boy who thinks he might be in love for the first time.

The last half of the movie is spent basically chipping away at Ben’s character to show us how sad, lonely and vulnerable he is as he struggles with his feelings for Mrs. Robinson as well as her daughter Elaine, who he first begrudgingly dates, then realizes he is in love with after torturing and alienating her. What follows is the framework for every bad romance comedy cliché that would follow. Ben stalks Elaine halfway across California because he has no concept of how creepy it is and even ends up busting in on and breaking up her storyline conveniently fast wedding. The symbolic last scene shows Ben and Elaine standing up to their parents’ generation by standing up to the Robinson parents and embarrassing them in front of all their friends by fleeing the wedding together and getting on a random bus with an unidentified destination, a metaphor for the big question mark hanging over their future.

“The Graduate” works really, really hard at trying to get us to see the angst and isolation of youth through the dark and moody soul of Ben Braddock, but really it is just an entire movie of what would be hash-tagged on twitter as #richkidproblems. I never feel for him as a protagonist because he never gives me a good reason to. He never outwardly rebels to his oppressive parents and instead passively/aggressively gets his revenge by banging their friend and I always feel like his relationship with Elaine is nothing more than an effort to get Mrs. Robinson’s attention or transference in which he uses Elaine to somehow be closer to her in his own twisted way. The only truly sympathetic character in the film is Elaine, who is hardly developed at all as we only see her in the latter half of the film and even then she is constantly deferring to Ben.

However, the one thing that stands out above all with me is the Simon & Garfunkel-heavy soundtrack. Maybe I am dating myself a little bit here, but I can’t even get my head around this being the music of a frustrated youth counterculture because in my lifetime Paul Simon has basically been the music of choice of the middle-aged yuppies the film tries so hard to tear down.

8. On the Waterfront (1954)

They say that the opposite of love is not hate, its indifference. I don’t think I agree with that because I didn’t really hate “On the Waterfront” but damn was I indifferent to it.

Following the incredible pleasant surprise that was “A Streetcar Named Desire” I had high hopes that Elia Kazan and I were going to have one of those we-are-going-to-get-along-fine-in-spire-of-our-ideological-differences relationships, not unlike the one I have with John Ford or Sammy Hagar. However, much for the same reason I don’t buy into mainstream media or organized religion, I don’t appreciate being preached to- I prefer to have my cinematic morals rammed down my throat in the form of subtle allegory and veiled metaphors.

Almost instantly, the poorly conceived symbolism takes shape. Shots of the wide open Atlantic Ocean are interrupted with a very simple “duh-duh-duh” kind of dark music as the scenery transitions to the dark and depressing waterfront and it’s dark and depressing dockworkers. Without any intelligible words it is clear that one of the laborers, Terry (Marlon Brando) and a man who is clearly a mobster due to his suit and goonish entourage, ironically named Johnny Friendly, are making some sort of shady deal. He leads the gangsters back to his apartment building and directly to a fellow dockworker, Joey, who is planning to testify against Friendly and his crooked union.

The bait Terry uses in order to lure Joey out to his doom is one of Joey’s stray pigeons, a bird the two men share an affinity for and perhaps the worst metaphorical device I’ve ever seen employed in a film. The obvious comparison of honest guys to pigeons, as in “stool pigeons” is silly, tries too hard, and is actually pretty out of place. For Terry to just happen to have a hobby of pigeon collecting while inhabiting a tenement building makes this a completely forced plot device that is clearly only employed to foreshadow Terry’s own character.

The mobsters throw Joey from the roof of the building to a grizzly death. At this point it is firmly established that Terry is the protagonist, as he professes ignorance to the severity of the gang’s intentions and seems genuinely shocked by the outcome. Despite the fact that Terry’s character is supposed to be dumb and easily manipulated, later scenes in the film make it evident that Terry has been working with Friendly and his cohorts for some time in one capacity or another. Hence, he either had a pretty good idea he was basically signing Joey’s death warrant or he is literally the dumbest character in the history of cinema. Sadly, his protagonist tag in this film relies entirely on the latter which I just don’t see.

Joey’s death also serves as a means of introducing other main characters into the narrative. Father Barry (Karl Malden) is the street priest who ministers to the laborers. We’ve seen this character numerous times before (Father Connelly in “Angels with Dirty Faces”) and since (Father Carmine in “Rocky”). Joey’s father and sister Edie (Eva Marie Saint) are also among the spectator/mourners, with Edie eventually (predictably) becoming Terry’s love interest.

“Boys, this is my church! And if you don't think Christ is down here on the waterfront you've got another guess coming!” (Father Barry, “On the Waterfront”)

One positive thing I will say about the film is the transformation of Terry’s character. It is hard to feel sorry for him early on when he is more or less an accessory to murder and even spies on his friends who hold secret meetings with Father Barry with the intention of reporting the rumblings back to Friendly. However, he needs these realistic faults in order to be taken even remotely seriously as a sort of anti-hero protagonist. The feelings he wrestles with when he is torn between his loyalty to friendly and his developing feelings for Edie, which is also probably the closest thing to a healthy interpersonal relationship Terry has given his lack of friends and his unhealthy, almost more parent/child rather than brother/brother allegiance to his brother Charley, who is not only Friendly’s right-hand but also the person most responsible for Terry’s mediocrity in life. Prior to working on the docks, Terry had a promising career as a boxer that Charley ultimately squashed by forcing him to take a dive at the request of Friendly, because every corrupt movie mobster has to be involved in fixing sporting events.

Little by little Friendly begins to lose his grip on Terry- not only because of Terry’s feelings for Edie, but also for his increasingly heavy-handed rule over the docks. He has another potential informant killed by smashing him with a pallet of whiskey in a shipping “accident,” then has his goons harass Father Barry who attempts to perform last rites for the murdered laborer. When Terry takes Father Barry’s side over the thugs, Friendly turns up the heat on Charley, going so far as to pressure him into killing his own brother unless he can convince Terry not to testify against Friendly after he is subpoenaed in Joey’s murder. Charley and Terry’s confrontation in the back of a cab is probably the most famous scene in the movie and also represents Terry finally declaring his independence from both the Union and his brother. His emotional breakdown and unleashing years of pent up aggression towards his brother is entirely reminiscent of Brando’s role in “Streetcar:” in fact almost too reminiscent. The big galoot shows emotion and the other person, this time Charley rather than Stella, goes against their better judgment and submits to him. This decision will end up costing Charley his life, which could be just as heroic as Terry’s decision to testify if given the right spin, but it never is.

The film then begins to play out like a really terrible “Death Wish” sequel, complete with Terry having to endure seeing his brother’s corpse and even having his pigeons killed when he eventually testifies. His decision to turn on Friendly culminates with a showdown on the docks where Terry is beaten within inches of his life by several gangsters after Terry gets the upper hand on Friendly in a one-on-one fight. The severity of Terry’s injuries cannot effectively be conveyed through conventional 1950’s third-person shots, so a point-of-view angle is employed, complete with blur. The shot is very minor but is in many ways a precursor to the technique that would eventually become key to much better movies like “Saving Private Ryan.” Out of respect and solidarity (definitely a literal play on the word “union”) the other longshoremen refuse to go to work unless Terry is hired back on despite his condition. For the lack of a type of subject matter that provides for a “happy” ending, Kazan instead goes with a realistic ending.

I have never let political or ideological differences get in the way of enjoying a movie if it is good *cough*BirthofaNation*cough*, however, I just don’t buy Kazan’s use of film to justify his own stool pigeoning during the McCarthy hearings. Also, unless Arthur Miller hung Elia Kazan’s brother from a meat hook and killed his animals then I don’t buy the self-pitiful comparison either. Perhaps I would be less critical of this film were it not for the fact that, between “The Grapes of Wrath,” “Chinatown” and “A Streetcar Named Desire” I’ve already essentially seen this movie earlier in the list.

9. Schindler's List (1993)

One thing I’ve always respected about Don Henley is the fact that he is known to tell the audience at his concerts “I’m not going to play the songs you want to hear, I’m going to play the songs you need to hear.” People tend to lose sight of the fact that art is every bit as much about presenting one’s world view as it is simply a form of entertainment. “Schindler’s List” is a brutal reminder that not all movies are meant to be “enjoyed” in the conventional sense.

There are some movies that are peppered with symbolism; this one is saturated in it. The opening scene depicts a Jewish family celebrating a traditional Shabbat. The lighting of the candles is the primary focus, as is their eventual burning down and extinguishment- similarly the members of the family dissolve on the screen and fade from view. The obvious metaphor being the fading away of a way of life and attempted extinguishing of an entire people. This introduction does everything it can to prepare the viewer for the fact that this is going to be a very somber viewing experience.

The film-proper begins rather abruptly and harshly with a steam whistle being blown on a transport train. The color disappears and the film suddenly jumps to black and white. There are several artistic justifications for this, to give the film a documentary type feeling, to take the edge off some of the gorier scenes, the visual benefits of the stark contrast that only black and white can provide, what have you. I will always believe the biggest function the black and white serves is to create as ominous an ambiance as possible.

The initial scenes depict the German occupation of Poland in the fall of 1939. When the Polish Jews are rounded up and forced into the major cities for consolidation and documentation purposes, there are slight yet clever visual subtleties that illustrate the low regard the conquerors have for the natives. Crude folding tables are used to set up makeshift clerk’s offices, the captured are shuttled in on run-down cattle cars and the cold, impersonal interaction the soldiers exchange with the Jews furthers the dehumanization process as they are treated more like surplus than people. Several quick cuts of Germans logging names and ever-growing lists are used to depict the staggering number of people being inventoried.

Very deliberately, the narrative jumps to a decadent, opulent party for the Nazi glitterati. Among them is the film’s chief character, Oskar Schindler (Liam Neeson) whose prominence is never really discussed, but rather implied, as he is shown hobnobbing with well-dressed businessmen, mobbed by attractive women and even being asked to pose for pictures with decorated military officials. This introduction of Schindler is ingenious for two reasons: it demonstrates his charisma in a practical, believable setting rather than an overblown unrealistic dialogue-driven scenario- thus preserving the flow of the movie’s fly-on-the-wall narrative type. Also, it establishes credibility by not leading the viewer to believe that the man who will become the obvious protagonist is by no means a goody-two-shoes or a “man of the people.”

Inevitably, the two worlds collide as Schindler visits one of the occupied cities. Though he is there to recruit the services of a Jewish accountant, Itzhak Stern (Ben Kingsley) there is still a well-defined line of morality that Schindler is clearly on the wrong side of. He details his plan to use the all-but-incarcerated Jews as cheap labor in a war-profiteering pots and pans company and explains how he needs Stern’s connections in the Jewish community to provide his startup funds, which he is of course reluctant to do but also realizes that his hands are essentially tied. If done the wrong way, the initiation of Schindler and Stern’s relationship could come across as a hokey “even though my people say I’m supposed to hate you, I respect you and think we could be friends” foreshadowing. However, the only thing that is obvious is Schindler’s self-serving personality and his “reaching out” to Stern and the Jews is entirely mercenary.

Once he is in charge of Schindler’s employee recruitment, Stern, unbeknownst to Schindler, methodically begins to hire employees who are deemed to have otherwise “non-essential” skills. Though it is again only implied, the urgency with which Stern does this (going so far as to forge documents for Jews who held prominent positions before the occupation that proclaim them as grunt-workers) makes it more than evident that the concentration camp system is in full effect. At this point in the film, there is also an essential marriage of music and editing that makes for one of the most intense scenes. Jump cuts go from Stern artificially aging a schoolteacher’s paperwork by folding and pouring tea on it, to the teacher himself being shuffled to a train assumed to be headed to a death camp. The two scenes merge when Stern arrives just in time to rescue the man from the train and present his false documents to the German clerk. The string arrangement goes from understated to dark, to a pulsing repeated note that creates an almost “Jaws” effect in its resemblance to a heightened pulse as the papers are inspected, finally ending with a sweet understated flourish as the man’s job at Schindler’s factory is approved. At no point in this scene are we told that the teacher’s life is in jeopardy, but the total presentation of imagery and music make it obvious.

There is never a missed opportunity to cast a negative reflection of Oskar Schindler in the first half of the film. He is shown to be a womanizer, a slave-wage driver, a borderline alcoholic and completely unrepentant of his corruption. In fact, the introduction of the primary antagonist, Nazi Commandant Amon Goeth (Ralph Fiennes) goes to great lengths to demonstrate the similarities between Schindler and Goeth, a man who would go on to become one of the most heinous war criminals of all time. While a speech given by Goeth ordering the liquidation of the Jewish ghettos and the construction of concentration camps plays in the background, the onscreen focus is on Schindler and Goeth individually performing the same day-to-day tasks and living very similar lifestyles.

The first indication that Schindler is undergoing any kind of character change comes during the actually carrying out of Goeth’s orders. He looks down on the carnage from atop a hill and sees S.S. officers indiscriminately brutalizing everyone from women and children to hospital patients. Amidst a sea of on-the-spot executions the camera pans around in a point-of-view shot from Schindler’s perspective- indicating that the shocking images all sort of blend together for him. The one thing that stands out though is a little girl in a red coat. The artistic importance of only coloring one image in an otherwise entirely black and white scene is to acknowledge recognition. For this one girl to stand out to Schindler, for whatever reason, finally humanizes the people he has been exploiting in his factory. If you need any more evidence that this is clearly the intention, the girl is shown inside a building after she has left Schindler’s field of vision and her coat goes back to black and white- meaning the “color” was only seen by Schindler. There is also some very unsettling foreshadowing as the girl hides under a bed while the sound of approaching Nazi footsteps gets louder.

Though an underlying sense of self-service still exists, Schindler now makes a concerted effort to keep his workforce intact and to be more hands-on in its operations. He bribes Goeth heavily in order to ensure that his workers are kept under his employment and away from Nazi harassment. The bribery becomes elaborate as many of Schindler’s material belongings are shown transferring hands several times eventually leading to workers being released back into Schindler’s custody. The character development taking place during this middle section is among the most compelling and organic you’ll ever see. On one hand, he tells Goeth that the employees are essentially his property- yet he begins learning their names. He unsympathetically tells Stern that he refuses to let his factory be considered a front or a safe-haven, yet he encourages his workers to celebrate the Sabbath. There is much more “grey area” in Schindler as the film progresses- doubtless another justification for the black and white motif.

The figurative noose begins to tighten around Schindler’s enterprise and soon his workers are all on the verge of being transferred to Auschwitz. While meeting with Goeth to discuss the impending end of their arrangement Schindler notices the little girl in the red coat again, this time in a wheelbarrow full of Jewish corpses being incinerated in an effort to conceal the full-blown genocide Goeth has largely initiated. Unable to hide his emotion, he nearly vomits in front of all the Nazi soldiers at the sight of the girl and the realization of what is in store for his own employees.

“Stern, if this factory ever produces a shell that can actually be fired, I will be VERY unhappy.” (Oskar Schindler, “Schindler’s List”)

Finally, nearly 75% of the way through the film, the big character transition in Oskar Schindler occurs. As he says his goodbyes to Stern before running away with his fortune that was made largely on the backs of his Jewish employees, Schindler devises a way he can save a small but significant number of lives. Under the guise of establishing a munitions plant in Czechoslovakia and wanting workers he is familiar with and who have done similar labor for him, Schindler persuades Goeth to sell him back his employees at a rate so inflated it practically costs Schindler his entire fortune.

The climactic scene depicting the compiling of “The List” consists of several time-lapse edits and quick cuts between Schindler and Stern and the paper in Stern’s typewriter. The music swells as the list grows longer and the two men work more frantically. Before long it is very evident that Schindler has extended the list and thus gone deeper into his own pockets than was ever intended.

Schindler is reunited with many of his former male employees but, due to a “clerical error” the Schindler women are all shipped to Auschwitz. Despite the fact that it is nowhere near as gory as some of the earlier scenes where Goeth and his men exterminate people in the streets or in the snow, this particular sequence may be the most disturbing in the film; in part simply because of the stigma attached to the name “Auschwitz” but also because of the sickening dehumanization. A dense, dark rain that can only be the cremated remains of Holocaust victims falls around the women as they are stripped and shaved bald before being marched into a gas chamber. The collective screams from the women as the lights abruptly snap off is absolutely cringe-inducing. In what should be a happy turn of events, the gas chamber turns out to be a community shower and the women are cleansed rather than gassed; however the development only serves as a tame indicator as to the torment that was really suffered.

Once the entire roster is rounded up and sent to Schindler’s “factory,” his self-fulfilling prophecy is realized- his earlier complaints that he does not want his factory to become nothing more than a safe-house come to fruition, as is explained by onscreen text declaring the Schindler munitions factor as “a model of non-production.” Fortuitously, the war ends just as Stern delivers the news that Schindler is completely penniless. At a somber parting ceremony Schindler, for the first time in the movie, breaks from his cool demeanor and hysterically laments at what he perceives to be his failure to save more lives. Stern comforts the sobbing Schindler, reassuring him that he had gone above and beyond. The bittersweet reality of life after the events of the film is shown in epilogue form as text on the screen informs us that Schindler died in poverty and obscurity and that Goeth was tried and hung for his crimes.

More onscreen text informs us that Oskar Schindler was deemed a Righteous Person by the people of Jerusalem and accorded the special honor of burial in the Holy Land. The film jumps both to modern times and full color as the real life Schindler Jews pay tribute to Oskar at his grave. While the 1,100 lives Schindler saved may seem like a drop in the bucket compared to the 6 million who were killed, the final words on the screen remind us that there are now over 6,000 descendants of the Schindler Jews.

Other than the significance of the film itself, there is a lot of artistry in “Schindler’s List” that set it apart from other films that came before. The handheld camera technique that gives certain frames a very dramatic shake effect was used to perfection in this film- Steven Spielberg would revisit this directorial tool again ad-nauseum in “Saving Private Ryan” a few years later. I have also talked about the importance of music to the narrative which is appropriately sad basically throughout the movie. Also, for many of the same reasons I think excessive gore in horror movies actually makes them corny, I have to agree with the decision to keep the body of the film in black and white, given the doubtless accusations of gratuitous violence that would have been leveled against it had many of the more grizzly scenes been filmed in color.

The downsides of this film are few, but they are there. There are several periods of extended dialogue that is done in hushed voices that not only slow the pacing a little bit but also can be hard to understand. Also, the constant need to show Goeth either beating or killing people goes far beyond what is necessary to establish him as a completely abhorrent individual, though from what I understand it is an accurate portrayal of his bloodlust. However, so much evil without any exploration into any other possible facets of his character runs the risk of making him an almost cartoonish villain. Lastly of course it has to be said that, even though they are still VERY disturbing, the scenes depicting the sheer disgustingness of the Holocaust are sanitized and don’t even begin to accurately depict the reality of the situation.

Then again, if you WANT to see any more detail of the Holocaust beyond what is shown, you probably should seek help.

#10. Singin' in the Rain (1952)

“The Jazz Singer” was a pretty good movie. It was kinda racist and it wasn’t very deep in plot. The pacing wasn’t great and the drama is pretty syrupy but it wasn’t bad. Of course the fact that it was the first “talkie” will always define its worth and legacy and that is more than fair. However, I don’t think it is fair that a movie like “Singin’ in the Rain” depends entirely on the existence of “The Jazz Singer” for its plot to work, yet it is ranked 80 spots higher on the AFI 100 List.

Now, to be clear, “Singin’ in the Rain” isn’t a bad movie either. It’s just a musical so I don’t really think of it as a movie. Not because I want to viciously devalue an entire genre, but just because it seems there are certain cinematic elements that are missing in the typical musical, like substantial dialogue, character development and plain believability. Also, it seems the timeline tends to be different, taking place over a short time rather than covering a significant amount of time. Though, to “Singin’ in the Rain”’s credit, it does employ some relatively creative flashback sequences that manage to streamline much of the backstory, particularly during the opening segment.

At an old-time Hollywood premier at Mann’s Chinese Theater, the principal characters are paraded along the red carpet while an emcee tells us everything we need to know about them in their introductions. One of the studio’s contract musicians, Cosmo (Donald O’Connor) gets a very tepid response from the audience which is the first of many indicators that the film will be largely satirical of Hollywood culture. The ones people really want to see are Cosmo’s best friend Don Lockwood (Gene Kelly) and Lina Lamont (Jean Hagen), who he works with so often and so believably that people are sure they are banging in real life (ala Garth & Trisha). There is a cleverly presented “autobiographical” speech Don gives the press about his rise to stardom. As he describes his early life with Cosmo as being that of a child star, the truth of them dancing for nickels in seedy bars is shown in flashback as his narration turns out to be a lie, though the viewer is the only one who sees this. The lies pile up as he exaggerates their saloon musical acts and corny slapstick shows as “fine symphonic halls” and prestigious artistic training: all of this an obvious reference to the façade that the film industry puts on everything.

More significant to the plot (as well as providing an interesting perspective as to exactly how long this type of thing has been happening) is the revelation through further flashbacks that Don and Lina’s relationship has been manufactured by the studio and fed to the media for publicity. Every effort is made to indicate to us exactly why Lina is nothing short of completely unlovable as she throws a backstage diva-esque tantrum, talks herself up to megalomaniacal proportions and has a squeaky, crude voice on top of it all. Also, one of the most telling aspects of her character comes when we see her utter disinterest in Don years earlier until she overhears him being offered a well-paying movie contract.

While on their way to a post-party Don and Cosmo’s car breaks down and Don is mobbed by fans. In his effort to escape a rather absurd scene unfolds which not only serves the purpose of storyline convenience but also rubs our noses in the fact that we are watching Gene Kelly. Much the same way as the dance around his tiny apartment in “An American in Paris” is shown, a totally unrealistic sequence where Don dances atop a cable car and jumps into a convertible occurs seemingly for no other reason than to remind us how great a dancer Gene Kelly was. The car he lands in is driven by a wannabe theater actress named Kathy (Debbie Reynolds) who immediately begins shrieking and accusing him of being a criminal. After the confusion is cleared up the two bicker about the legitimacy of their respective artistic endeavors; which of course in old timey movie clichés means they are already in love with each other.

At the post party, another unorthodox but at least unique tactic is used. The antagonist is finally introduced but it is not a character, but a technological advancement. The host of the party shows a demonstration of a “talkie” which everyone immediately dismisses. The attendees discuss the inevitable failure of Al Jolson’s “The Jazz Singer” which of course foreshadows the grim future of their industry. In the very next scene we learn that “The Jazz Singer” is the biggest thing to hit the cinematic world and all of Hollywood is scrambling to make the transition to sound. Despite the fact that the truth was much more complicated and there was much more resistance to the sound transition, I admire the attempt to tell the story using true events.

“Lina. She can’t act, she can’t sing, she can’t dance. A triple-threat!” (Cosmo Brown, “Singin’ in the Rain”)

Since Hollywood is apparently a small town, Don and Kathy wind up working together at Monument Studios, which allows their inevitable relationship to blossom. Though it is contrived and predictable, their courtship yields two of the most memorable scenes in the movie. The famous and oft-referenced scene of Gene Kelly dancing down a rainy street singing the title track while splashing around and swinging on a lamppost is the most obvious but for artistic purposes I actually prefer an earlier number that takes place on a soundstage between them. In another jab at the artificialness of the movies, Don is able to “create” the perfect scenario for them to fall in love- a spotlight moon, a summer breeze courtesy of an industrial fan and a gorgeous view that is just a painted backdrop. This scene’s excessive cheese is outshined by its sheer creativity.

The studio’s first attempt to make a talkie with the pairing of Don and Lina is a joke largely because of her penile-shriveling voice. Test audiences laugh at all the wrong things and it becomes clear that Lina is a liability to the movie. However, they are too close to the end of production to pull the plug. Cosmo, Kathy and Don conspire to try and salvage what they can of the project when they decide to turn the movie into a musical, that way Cosmo’s composing and Don’s singing and dancing can carry it and Kathy’s voice can be dubbed in over Lina’s after filming.

Their deception works all the way up to and after the film’s premier, which is received warmly. Unfortunately for Lina, the crowd is so impressed with “her” singing that they demand she perform an impromptu encore. Kathy is forced to sing for Lina again, this time from backstage. Driven by hatred for Lina and love for Kathy, Don raises the curtain and exposes Lina for the fraud she is and everyone who deserves to lives happily ever after.

This film does still suffer from many of the same setbacks I mentioned earlier that most musicals suffer from- the lack of seriousness and depth, the minimal timeline and the confined sets. However it does still have many things going for it; the unconventional conflict of films vs films, the vastly underrated talents of Donald O’Connor, the clever satire and the well thought out costume designs which reflect the characters they belong to (Lina’s are loud and obnoxious, Don’s are refined and classy, Cosmo’s often have silly patterns etc). However, for me personally, the one thing I appreciate above all is the fact that “Singin’ in the Rain” does not have to be jaded or mean-spirited in its assault on Hollywood. It is good natured and kind of light-punch-on-the-knee in its criticism of L.A.

And nobody fucks with L.A. on my watch…

#11. It's a Wonderful Life (1946)

There may not be more “iconic” Christmas movies than “It’s a Wonderful Life” but there are better ones; “National Lampoon’s Christmas Vacation,” “A Christmas Story,” “Santa Claus Conquers the Martians,” “Gremlins,” there’s a Christmas scene in “Rocky V.” Yes, I am going to facetiously mention every movie that even references Christmas as being a better Christmas movie than “It’s a Wonderful Life” to illustrate the point that I did not enjoy this film very much. Yes, I admit that it is partially because I just don’t go for the overly sappy stuff, but it is much more than that.

In previous Frank Capra films on this list I have complained about a tendency to force morality and idealism down our throats- in this movie he flat-out assaults us with these principles. In order to buy “It’s a Wonderful Life” you have to buy the ideology that is at the heart of the film. Guardian angels, the difference between forgivable and unforgivable sins and the whole “if you kill a butterfly in the past it alters the course of the future” theory are all key elements to the storyline in this farce of a movie that really does nothing more than spend two hours downplaying the seriousness of suicide and the circumstances that drive people to such desperation.

From the very first scene I thought I was playing the world’s worst version of “Asteroids” as some crappily animated stars (meant to represent Holy spirits) discuss the plight of George Bailey (James Stewart) who is about to “throw away God’s greatest gift.” The allegorical religious beings decide to appoint a Guardian Angel to George. It seems Heaven is short-staffed because the only warm body they have available is a blundering, sweet-but-stupid low-ranking angel (because apparently Heaven is also a class-based society) named Clarence (Henry Travers). The deal is that if Clarence can prevent George from committing suicide, he will get his wings and become a full-fledged angel.

In order to explain how George got to this point, and of course to introduce the backstory, the narrative extemporaneously kicks into a flashback mode. Essentially we are given example after example of how life took a shit on George Bailey. He nearly dies as a young boy rescuing his brother Harry from drowning in a frozen pond, loses the hearing in one of his ears as a result, ends up working for a drunken pharmacist who slaps him around (*point of clarification; I can only confirm that the pharmacist actually drinks one time when he finds out his son is dead, but I am assuming that since he had the alcohol right there and hit the bottle as soon as he got the bad news then there is probably some semblance of dependency) and gets repeatedly screwed over by Harry.

In something of an insult to the intelligence of the viewer, when Jimmy Stewart first appears onscreen, we are expected to believe that 40 year old Jimmy Stewart is 21 year old George- crackly old voice and all. George is supposedly getting ready to take a long trip to Europe before coming back to go to college, which he has had to put off for years while he waits for Harry to graduate high school and take over George’s job in the family business, the Bailey Brothers Savings and Loan. This entire segment takes up a huge chunk of the film but still encompasses a very short period of time and in the process introduces far too many characters and plot devices to be believable- as it represents just too many major events all at once. At Harry’s graduation party George reconnects with Mary (Donna Reed) which was very predictably foreshadowed at the beginning of the film when she tells him she will marry him someday when they are very young, There is a great deal of excitement as George prepares for his trip, enters a dance contest with Mary, seemingly begins to fall in love with her as he promises to give her anything she wants- all the while various schoolmates of George and Harry are paraded through the storyline AND George’s father has a fatal stroke… all in the same night.

It is somewhere around this point in the film where you realize that George is just an unrealistically “good” guy. I am not one of those people who believes that everyone is in their present circumstances because of poor decision making or that a certain degree of self-sacrifice is not a good thing, but the position George is guilted into following his father’s death are just too much to take. He gives up his dream of traveling to take over the family business, despite the fact that his uncle, the other Bailey Brother would be the logical successor, but this idea is dismissed as he is just too old and simple. George not only allows Harry to take advantage of him by suddenly deciding to go to college, again with the empty promise of taking over in another four years, but George even gives him the money that was to be used for his trip to Europe. In fact the more I think about it the more I think Harry just plain hustled George from beginning to end.

George’s selflessness again becomes his undoing when he devotes himself to his father’s vision of establishing an affordable housing project- at great personal expense when he finds himself fighting an uphill battle against the bank’s majority shareholder Mr. Potter (Lionel Barrymore) who is the most unconvincing, cartoonish villain I’ve ever seen. As an obvious knock-off of Ebenezer Scrooge, Potter is obsessed with having a monopoly on all the financial institutions in their town, Bedford Falls, so that he can essentially be a high interest loan shark and eventually turn the town into a second Las Vegas. There is no complexity to Potter, nor is any reason given for his evil, thus we are just supposed to assume it is inherent, making him a very one-dimensional and unserviceable antagonist.

As the movie jumps ahead yet again George rolls over once more for Harry by allowing him to welch on his promise yet again to take a job working for his new wife’s father. Mary has just come back from college and we are to assume her and George have not seen each other since the fateful night of the dance contest/graduation party/death of his father/night they fell in love. Partially out of frustration with his circumstances, partially because he hears she has other potential suitors and partially for inexplicable reasons, George is very cold to Mary when he goes to see her, despite the fact that she clearly has been carrying a torch for him (this is depicted very well and is one of the only true ‘highlights’ of the film) as evidenced by Mary’s needlepoint of George lassoing the moon (a reference to the conversation where he promised her anything) and her putting on a record of “Buffalo Gals” which they danced to that same night. In fact it takes a fit of jealousy when another man calls for Mary to make George give into his feelings for her, which sets the stage for a theme that will recur throughout the movie; George being a bipolar dick to Mary.

“You call this a happy family? Why do we have to have all these kids?” (George Bailey “It’s a Wonderful Life”)

George and Mary finally cut through the bullshit and get married and while on their way out of town for their honeymoon they see a potential riot in the making outside Bailey Brothers. In what is implied to be the stock market crash or something similar, there is a run on the banks and all the townspeople want to withdraw their money and essentially clean out the bank. George then does some guilt tripping of his own by reminding them that he and his family got them into their homes and ultimately gives away all of his and Mary’s honeymoon money to the customers in order to cover their bare necessities and prevent the bank from being rupt. In what I’m sure was supposed to be viewed as a real stand up and cheer moment cementing George as a cinematic hero, I am ultimately left shaking my head at this scene and muttering “chump.” Not because he goes above and beyond the call of good heartedness, but because his anger and frustration at the state of his life later in the film, and the way he angrily takes it out on his family make you just want to strangle him and tell him to stop being so damn accommodating and grow a pair of testicles.

The principal conflict of the film arises when George’s uncle Billy loses an $8,000 cash deposit which again threatens to close the bank once and for all. Not only is Billy irresponsible and completely incapable of having any sort of managerial authority anyway, he loses the money in the most despicable of ways; by accidentally giving it to Mr. Potter when he stops to have a conversation with him that he shouldn’t even be having but decides he wants to gloat about Harry Bailey winning the Medal of Honor in World War II; yep, yet another disorganized time jump and yet another endeavor Harry engages in while his poor doormat of a brother slaves away at the bank. This sets the stage for both the final calamity George can take before deciding to kill himself, but also one of the biggest plot holes I’ve ever seen in any movie anywhere; the fact that Potter more or less stole the money is never explored again- not even just that there are no legal repercussions, but that the Baileys never go after him for stealing it.

George goes home, savagely berates his whole family, gets drunk, decides he is worth more dead than alive and that he will just kill himself and let Mary collect his life insurance (I guess they still paid out for suicide in 1946). With no real warning the movie is apparently not in flashback mode anymore, as Clarence appears on the bridge George wants to jump off to kill himself and saves him. As Clarence explains the whole guardian angel thing to a skeptical George, it becomes clear that Clarence can only convince him by showing him what his life would be like if he had never been born. To ensure that they rip off “A Christmas Carol” sufficiently, there is a whole “ghost of Christmas past/future” motif going on as George is shown how bad off everyone would be without him. Bedford Falls is called Pottersville, everyone is either a drunk or a streetwalker, all the businesses are seedy, people are homeless and Mary is inexplicably homely and unmarried.

George decides he has everything to live for and goes back home just in time to find out the citizens of Bedford Falls have heard about his situation and all pooled their resources together to give Bailey Brothers the first comprehensive bank bailout. Because George realizes his life is so great and he suddenly stops hating his family and his life, Clarence is awarded his wings and everyone lives happily ever after… I have a lot of problems with this.

1) If all these people have known George was in financial peril all this time but didn’t want to kick down any money to help him out until he is about to kill himself then there is no good reason why they couldn’t/shouldn’t have helped him out sooner.

2) Is it even legal to float your bank with money your friends gave you once an auditor has gone through the books, determined there was negligence and is on the verge of shutting you down and arresting you for bank fraud? What is the FDIC’s take on this?

3) Why is this considered such a happy ending? Once George pays back the $8,000 he will still have to constantly be struggling to stay afloat and battling it out with Potter who has seemingly endless resources.

4) I’ve said it before, but how is this ending remotely satisfying if the main antagonist, especially one who has practically single-handedly driven the protagonist to suicide receives no comeuppance whatsoever? I’m not saying they had to kill Potter or have him go to jail for theft and be relentlessly ass-raped by a cellmate who it turns out is someone he has wronged in the past, but he should at least be stonewalled for good by the other shareholders in the bank who all unanimously love George.

5) How is someone who is enfeebled as Uncle Billy still allowed to work in the bank in the capacity he does? He is such a liability that he should just be paid his salary to stay in a retirement home instead of being allowed to run the bank’s day-to-day operations with his sophisticated string-on-a-finger filing system.

6) Does being a charitable person really excuse being an abusive husband and father? I think not. Way to pick and choose your morals Frank Capra.

7) Is Heaven such a fucked up place that angels are playing high-stakes games of roulette with people’s lives and hanging wings over other angel’s heads to get them to do God’s work? Fuck Heaven.

I know this stuff can all be explained away by the simple phrase “it’s just a movie,” but should we really have to settle for that? Especially in what is considered by at least one body of legitimacy to be the 11th greatest movie of all time? And does the fact that the movie oozes sentiment, morality and exploits primal emotional reactions really make up for the fact that it is just a badly made movie? Between the horribly animated beginning, the unsatisfactory ending, the poor character development, inconsistent pacing, hole-laden plot, reliance on one specific religious manifesto as fact for the story to even be serviceable and the fact that it goes from a flashback, past-tense format to a third-person omniscient, present-tense narrative without skipping a beat- I have no doubt that this film would have gotten an F in any filmmaking class.

#12. Sunset Boulevard (1950)

Whenever I tell people how much I love Hollywood and how L.A. is one of my favorite places to visit, they always roll their eyes and assume that I love the façade of L.A. They insist that if I REALLY knew L.A. I would hate the place. The fact of the matter is, I know and love both sides of L.A.; the glamorized, idealistic version you see on “The Hills” and hear about in Beach Boys songs as well as the shady, dark version you see in “L.A. Confidential” and hear about in Eagles songs. I love everything about that place; going to the Hollywood Bowl, eating from taco trucks on Wilshire, enjoying the beaches and marinas and going to every seedy souvenir stand along the Walk of Fame. Likely because of the fact that it depicts both versions of L.A. “Sunset Boulevard” is probably my all time favorite movie. Well that and because it finds a lot of humor in dark places.

In a very wonderful way, “Sunset Boulevard” is also an unorthodox movie. The opening title card is a painted curb of the street the film takes its name from, despite the imagery of opulent houses and sunny L.A. outdoor shots, the musical introduction is ominous and gloomy. After the credits the film then employs a bizarre post-mortem voice-over which sets up a flashback narration (not unlike another Billy Wilder-directed film “Double Indemnity”). From the snide tone of the voiceover as well as the sarcastic comments, it is evident that the narrator referring to the dead man floating in a pool is himself, meaning that they have essentially spoiled the ending for us. It is a risky revelation but it works simply because of the absurd circumstances under which we get from point A to point B.

As the story progresses, the narrator confesses that he is the film’s principal character, Joe Gillis (William Holden) a self-professed B-movie writer. Joe spends the early scenes of the film eluding a pair of repo men who are after his car, a result of his lack of recent work. He eventually winds up at Paramount studios attempting to hock a terrible sounding baseball movie that is so bad it is even criticized by one of the young staff script readers Betty Schaefer (Nancy Olson). After being practically laughed out of the Paramount offices and being turned down for a loan by his agent, Joe resigns himself to the possibility of returning home to Ohio to his newspaper job (the first of many references to the seductive nature of the illusion of Hollywood).

While contemplating his next move Joe sees the repo men at a red light- resulting in a low-speed chase through the residential neighborhoods just outside Hollywood. Joe finds a safe hideout in a seemingly abandoned mansion on 10086 Sunset Blvd. The house is actually a metaphor for old-Hollywood and specifically its owner Norma Desmond (Gloria Swanson), a long-forgotten actress from the silent film era. Both are shells of their former selves, both have faded in their outward appearance but continue to keep up a decadent front and both are tragically lonely and isolated- the house geographically, Norma mentally and emotionally. In many ways, the house is a character unto itself, hence the importance of the film’s title.

Norma’s creepy German valet Max (Erich Von Stroheim) mistakes Joe for the animal undertaker they are waiting on. From here on the film gets pretty weird and progressively gets even weirder. I feel like at this point it would be totally cliché to refer to Norma Desmond as “eccentric,” because she is more like batshit crazy and her elaborate funeral for a dead chimpanzee is merely the tip of the iceberg. Once Joe straightens out the case of mistaken identity and Norma discovers he is a screenwriter she reveals she still has use for him even though he isn’t the monkey mortician. In an effort to stage a delusional return to the screen, Norma has been working on a script to be built around her but needs a professional writer to help her finish the job. Her motives are quite transparent given the fact that she refuses to let Joe leave her home and even insists on moving him in with her- all of which he is basically forced into agreeing to given his circumstances.

Before long Norma has paid off Joe’s creditors (with the exception of the people repossessing his car- in fact it is implied that she tipped them off to its location so as to take away any means Joe has of leaving) and essentially becomes his benefactor. His immediate discomfort is evident, especially considering that everyone seems to think he is a male prostitute working for Norma- and she does nothing to dispel this suspicion. Perhaps the most compelling aspect of this movie’s storyline is the complexity of Norma’s character. Though she is a sociopath and a control freak, she is also a very sympathetic character given the obvious abundance of mental illnesses she suffers from. Her desperate fear of loneliness, severe insecurity, numerous suicide attempts, refusal to live in the present and fragile emotional state don’t excuse, but at least explain her insane behavior.

Another interesting element to the plot is that there is no clear-cut protagonist, at least not in the sense of a character who has more positive qualities than negative. Norma is manipulative and narcissistic, Joe uses Norma and continues to accept payment for working on her script despite his knowledge that it will fail and even begins a relationship with his only real friend’s fiancé, who happens to be Betty, the Paramount script reader from the beginning of the film, who would probably qualify as the “good” person in the scenario were it not for the fact that she pursues Joe aggressively while her fiancé is out of state for work. Additionally, she is also using Joe for his writing ability as the two are working on their own script separate from the one he is helping Norma with- meaning he is being exploited by both a poor young girl as well as a rich old woman because he allows himself to be.

“There is nothing tragic about being 50. Unless you’re trying to be 25!” (Joe Gillis, “Sunset Boulevard”)

The most amazing, surreal and artistic segment of the whole film comes when Norma makes her “triumphant” return to the Paramount Studios. Cecil B. DeMille plays himself in a cameo as the movie transitions into a quasi-documentary, showing the behind-the-scenes workings of a film set and art begins to oddly imitate life; DeMille is directing a film, a non-fictional studio is the set, Gloria Swanson, herself a huge actress from the silent era who was unable to transition with the advent of talkies reminiscing about the golden era of Hollywood. The movie-within-a-movie as well as the brilliant effects integrated by the presence of the motion picture equipment push the film’s creativity over the top. The metaphor of fame and the fickle nature of the public is illustrated when Norma sits in a director’s chair and the lighting tech shines a spotlight on her- causing all the actors and stagehands to flock to her, fawning about how it is “the great Norma Desmond.” However, once DeMille orders the crew back to work the spotlight moves off Norma and she is again abandoned by all the hangers-on. To add insult to injury, the reason DeMille’s people invited Norma to the studio was because they wanted to rent her car for a film and not because they are interested in her script like she thinks.

The inevitable crumbling of the primary characters’ lives is a monumental one. Norma discovers that Paramount has no interest in her script, the 17,000 fan letters a day she got are all sent by Max, who is revealed to be not only her manservant but her ex-husband and the director who discovered her, and that Joe is in love with Betty. Betty discovers that Joe has been living with Norma as a gigolo, mainly because Joe tells her in an effort to ensure she breaks up with him as he has decided she is too good for him and all the baggage he comes with. Joe, as we all know from the beginning, gets shot to death by Norma in a jealous rage.

When the police come to arrest Norma, her final delusion plays out. Given the gossip-value of the story of a B-movie screenwriter being murdered by a former A-lister in a creepy old mansion, the tabloid photographers and news stations all show up for the circus. Her fragile mental state, exacerbated by her nervous breakdown after killing Joe, leads her to believe that the cameras are there to film her big return to cinema. She eerily descends the stairs of her home to the waiting authorities and newsmen and utters the famous “Alright Mr. DeMille, I’m ready for my closeup” line as the focus turns blurry, giving us a glimpse into the hazy, dreamlike state her life has descended into. In a very dark and tragic way, Norma has her “happy ending” as she is clearly not cognizant of what is actually happening and likely never will be. Ultimately though, the four most prominent characters all meet grim fates that have since come to be recognized as stereotypical worst-case scenarios of what happens to people who come to Hollywood with idealist dreams; Joe dies, Norma goes insane, Betty has her heart broken and Max has no identity of his own.

However, as cynical and jaded as the story is on the surface, in many ways “Sunset Boulevard” still glamorizes the Hollywood life. Despite their tragic fates, all the main characters touch their dream in some way or another and find varying levels of success. Also, a glimpse into the palatial interior of Norma’s home does nothing but encourage people to repeat the cycle and keep pursuing a career in the motion picture industry. And let’s face it, is a major motion picture released by a major studio REALLY going to bury the motion picture industry THAT severely? Come on now.